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For example, compare the face mask in Figure 15, given no special identification, with Figure 16, identified by Harley as a "portrait"- In spite of mentioning several specific examples of named commemorative masks, Harley used the term "portrait" so loosely that we have no way of knowing whether any of these memorial masks looked like the person commemorated. Apparently villagers added this foreign term "portrait" to their lexicon through talking with missionaries or colonialists, but it was not used with the discount tiffany money clips common in Europe or the United States, that is, a recognizable resemblance, a likeness to a particular person that projects a statement (true or false) about the sitter's appearance or personality (Borgatti and Brilliant 1990)."Portraits" in various forms continue to stir interest in African art studies. Several scholars contributed essays on this topic in special issue of African Arts (vol. 23, no. 4) with a commentary by the guest editor. In this essay, Borgatti constructed several broad categories of discount tiffany money clips forms of commemoration that will be useful for future studies. The topic for field study is vast, considering the great variety of discount tiffany money clips ways Africans across expansive discount Tiffany Money Clips honor their dead or commemorate exceptional individuals through visual means.While I was conducting research in Canton Bo in southwestern Côte d'Ivoire in the late 1980s, I encountered an unwillingness to link the masked form with a human likeness. I offer what I found there because, based on visual evidence and reports on the use of face masks and costume, I believe that Bo conceptions and practices regarding the spirit-mask are shared widely in this region among the Mano and the Dan. Quite a different conception of the masked spirit form would likely be discovered among other ethnic societies elsewhere.The Bo form part of the larger population of Guere (now called We), related to the Kran of Liberia, and neighbor the Dan (see Map). When I first raised the issue of portraiture, whether or not the feminine-style masks depicted an actual or known discount tiffany money clips face, the elders either rejected the idea abruptly or dismissed the topic as puzzling and obviously irrelevant.

The art markets continued to capitalize on the strange, exciting discount tiffany necklaces in Harley's Poro essay (1941). Until the mid-1980s, masks for sale from the Dan and Guère (in Côte d'Ivoire), were promoted as "Poro Society" masks, overlooking the existence of Mano masks. The market ignored the field studies (Himmelheber 1963a, 1963b; Fischer 1980; Fischer and Himmeífieber 1984} that showed this assignment of Dan and Guere/Kran masks to be in error. The Paris market promoted Dan masks from the French colony (now Côte d'Ivoire) where the majority of the Dan population resided and other face masks from the neighboring Guère (related to the Kran in Liberia), who shared a strong, abstract style in mask making. As Harley had noted discount Tiffany Necklaces earlier (1950:19, 24), the Dan were more accustomed to sell and trade in masks than the Mano in Liberia.According to Verger- Fevre's research also (1980:9), by the end of the 1960s, French national institutions and museums had acquired 200 masks from peoples of Côte d'Ivoire, the majority of which were from the Dan (63) and the Guère (44). The fame of Dan masks in the latter part of the twentieth discount tiffany necklaces was enhanced also by Himmelheber and Fischer's fine illustrations of the Dan corpus. Himmelheber focused on the Dan as early as i949> publishing results of his three research visits in Die Dan in 1958 and continued writing on African art and culture until his final book, Arts of the Dan, coauthored with Eberhard Fisher (1984).The focus of the international art market and scholarly activities suggest a discount tiffany necklaces reason for the lack of attention to the Mano feminine-style discount tiffany necklaces. My conclusion is that the market favored the Dan masks not simply because they were more readily available in the French colony in West Africa, but also because the style of the feminine category followed more closely the abstract, geometricized forms favored by the modern taste of artists and collectors.

As a result, the classic feminine-style Mano form usually discount tiffany earrings deeper than the fairly shallow Dan mask. Turning the Mano face mask over, one sees a deeply curving hollow form that contrasts notably with the shallow measure of the Dan face mask (compare the depth measurements listed with Fig. 9 vs. Fig. 17). Because of the raised facial surface and broadly rounded outline of the upper part, the Mano feminine-style mask appears wider than the feminine-style Dan mask and in numerous examples is wider by ¾'' to 1 ½'' (2cm-4cm).Both Harley and Verger-Fevre judge the mask in Fig. 18 to be Mano because of its typical features. In the upper outline of the mask, the widening ofthat rounded form overcomes the oval outline of the Dan discount Tiffany Earrings. The vertical line descending on the forehead is not carved,* it is a hanging cord made of braided fibers. The short nose lacks a marked ridge line; the root is sunken. The Ups across the lower face are more often parallel than triangular. (Because of thick patina across the eyes on this mask, it is not clear if the lids are shaped as slits or as half lowered.) The cheeks swell enough to suggest flesh discount tiffany earrings. At the chin we see the usual Mano triangular platform to indicate a pointed chin. Placed on a flat surface, both the upper and lower parts of the mask rise upwards, forming a classic Mano curved structure.As to visual impression, the Mano feminine-style face mask with its lowered lids creates a paradoxical effect of a withdrawn image while seeming physically more "organic" than the Dan model. It is difficult to see why this intriguing face mask style would fall into oblivion on the art scene. In discount tiffany earrings assessment, the most beautiful Mano face mask collected by Harley, created by a master sculptor, is shown in Figure 19. u Part of his personal collection, it was discount tiffany earrings in a brief exhibition at the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard, from December 1948-February 1949. It remained with the Harley's family until it was sold by a family member after Harley's death to a private collector in Boston.